Islamic History التاريخ الإسلامي

The rightly-guided caliphs who succeeded the Prophet, establishing justice and expansion

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali

• Compilation of the Quran into a single book under Abu Bakr and Uthman
• Expansion across Persia, Egypt, and the Levant under Umar's just governance
• Umar established the Islamic calendar, treasury (Bayt al-Mal), and judicial system
• The principles of shura (consultation) and accountability of rulers were firmly established

The first hereditary dynasty, stretching from Spain to Central Asia

Muawiyah I, Abd al-Malik, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

• Built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus
• Arabic became the administrative language across the empire
• Expansion into Spain (Al-Andalus), North Africa, and Central Asia
• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz revived the values of the Rashidun era

The golden era of Islamic civilisation, centred in Baghdad

Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, Al-Ma'mun

• Founded Baghdad, one of the greatest cities in history
• Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) became the world's leading centre of learning
• Translated Greek, Persian, Indian, and Chinese works into Arabic
• Pioneered algebra, optics, chemistry, medicine, astronomy, and philosophy

When the Muslim world led humanity in science, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy

Scholars, not kings

• Al-Khwarizmi: Father of Algebra, gave us the word "algorithm"
• Ibn al-Haytham: Father of Optics, pioneered the scientific method
• Ibn Sina: The Canon of Medicine was standard in Europe for 600 years
• Al-Zahrawi: Father of Surgery, invented 200+ surgical instruments
• Al-Biruni: Calculated Earth's circumference to within 1% accuracy

One of the longest-lasting empires in history, bridging East and West

Osman I, Mehmed II, Suleiman the Magnificent

• Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453
• Suleiman presided over a golden age of law, art, and architecture
• Mimar Sinan designed masterpieces including the Suleymaniye mosque
• Established waqf institutions for education, healthcare, and social welfare